Recent Advances in Electrochemical Methods for Water Treatment, Energy Conversion, and Contaminant Separation: A Comprehensive Review
Keywords:
Electrochemical methods, Water treatment, Energy conversion, Contaminant separation, ElectrokineticsAbstract
This comprehensive review paper explores recent advancements in the fields of electrochemical water treatment, energy conversion, and contaminant separation. The paper delves into the use of cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves for characterizing the performance of supercapacitors and batteries. Additionally, the review highlights a representative municipal water treatment facility's process diagram that integrates conventional purification methods to enhance water quality for domestic use. Electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion are discussed in detail. The paper also presents estimates of volumetric energy consumption in reverse osmosis (RO) and generic electrochemical processes, comparing these values to the thermodynamic limit. The intricate mechanisms of electrokinetics and electrosorption in nondestructive electrochemical contaminant separation processes are elucidated. Furthermore, the review covers water splitting for green energy generation, encompassing electrode materials and system-level considerations. It also discusses alkaline electrolyzers, catalyst film formation, and the impact of trace metal impurities. Innovative designs such as zero-gap cells and integrated electrolyzers are explained. Lastly, the paper explores an integrated flow-electrode capacitive deionization and microfiltration system for energy-efficient brackish water desalination. The review concludes by comparing the energetics of thermal amine regeneration processes with an emerging electrochemical amine regeneration (EMAR) process for carbon capture applications.
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