SAINSTEK International Journal on Applied Science, Advanced Technology and Informatics

Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Enzyme-Electrode Interfaces: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Ahmad Zikri — 2024-06-30

In the realm of microbial electrochemical systems (MESs), understanding the electron transfer mechanisms between bacteria and solid electrodes is pivotal for harnessing their potential in various applications. This systematic review delves into the intricate interplay of direct and mediated electron transfer processes at enzyme-electrode interfaces. We explore the fundamental principles governing direct electron transfer (DET) and mediated electron transfer (MET) mechanisms, elucidating their distinct advantages and limitations. The review highlights how DET capitalizes on nanowires and outer membrane cytochromes for efficient electron exchange, while MET relies on redox-active mediators as intermediaries. A comprehensive analysis of enzymatic reactions and substrate oxidations underpins the roles of DET and MET, shedding light on their applicability in microbial fuel cells, biosensors, and bioremediation strategies. Furthermore, we scrutinize factors influencing electron transfer efficiency, such as electrode surface modifications, enzyme immobilization techniques, and mediator selection. By critically evaluating recent advancements and challenges, this review offers insights into enhancing MES performance, informing the design of bioelectrochemical systems that bridge biological and electrochemical domains. Ultimately, this synthesis contributes to the refinement of microbial-electrode interfaces, unlocking novel avenues for sustainable bioenergy and environmental technologies.

Quantum Chemical Insights into Molecular Interactions and Thermodynamics of Deep Eutectic Solvents: Structure, Charge Transfer, and Properties

Imtiaz Ali Laghari — 2024-06-30

Three well-known deep eutectic solvents (DESs): 1:2 choline chloride/urea (reline), 1:2 choline chloride/ethylene glycol (ethaline), and 1:1 choline chloride/malonic acid (maloline) are the subjects of thorough quantum chemistry experiments in this review work. In these DES systems, the study seeks to clarify the molecular interactions, charge transfer events, and related thermodynamic features. The major interactions in these liquids are determined by combining computational calculations and experimental vibrational spectra correlation. The DESs are found to be stabilized by both conventional hydrogen bonds and C-H•••O/C-H••• interactions between components, with a distinctive hydrogen-bonding network forming in comparison to the neat hydrogen-bond donor dimer. Significant charge transfer from the choline and chloride ions to the hydrogen-bond donor is revealed by charge breakdown analysis, with the cation contributing more. It's interesting to note that there is a connection between.

Comprehensive Analysis of Kinetic and Thermodynamic Factors Influencing the Diels-Alder Reaction : Temperature-Dependent Product Distribution and Reaction Control Mechanisms

Po Yuan Wang — 2024-06-30

This research presents a comprehensive review of the intricate interplay between kinetic and thermodynamic factors in the context of the Diels-Alder reaction. The investigation focuses on elucidating the impact of temperature on product distribution and reaction control mechanisms. The Diels-Alder reaction, a versatile synthetic tool, is influenced by both kinetic and thermodynamic considerations. At low temperatures, the kinetic control predominates, leading to the formation of endo products. The endo selectivity is attributed to the lower-energy transition state associated with the kinetically favored products. Conversely, higher temperatures introduce thermodynamic equilibrium between the Diels-Alder products and starting materials, wherein the stability of products determines their relative abundance. Exo products, often less sterically hindered, exhibit enhanced thermodynamic stability, favoring their formation under thermodynamic control. By examining these kinetic and thermodynamic aspects, this review offers valuable insights into tailoring the Diels-Alder reaction for specific applications and optimizing product yields. The findings underscore the significance of a holistic understanding of these factors for designing efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies based on the Diels-Alder reaction.

Advances in Electrocatalysts for Redox Flow Batteries and Electrochemical Energy Technologies: From Rational Design to Computational Insights

Juan Anthonio — 2024-06-30

This review paper delves into the realm of electrocatalysts for redox flow batteries and electrochemical energy technologies, highlighting advancements in rational design and computational insights. The investigation explores the intricate interplay between oxidoreductase enzymes and biocatalysis, elucidating the mechanisms involved in electron transfer between substrates through enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis. Notably, the utilization of polymeric and surface-confined ferrocene mediators emerges as a pivotal strategy, as evidenced by their integration into electrochemical biosensors and their role in enhancing electrocatalysis. The discourse extends to the realm of redox flow batteries, where the principles of chemical reduction and oxidation are harnessed for energy storage. The paper underscores the significance of high surface area carbon electrodes in facilitating the transportation of active materials within electrolytes for effective electrochemical reactions. Furthermore, the imperative need for cost-effective electrocatalysts in advancing renewable electrochemical energy technologies like electrolyzers and fuel cells is emphasized. The review also evaluates the contributions of computational research, specifically density functional theory, in providing atomistic insights into structure and activity, complementing experimental endeavors. Finally, the spotlight shifts to catecholamines as vital neurotransmitters, discussing their central role in neurological and circulatory systems. This comprehensive exploration sheds light on the multifaceted advancements, challenges, and potential future directions in these interconnected fields, enriching our understanding of electrocatalytic processes and their applications in sustainable energy and biochemistry.